Waht is "China"
The year Ming China collapsed was 1644. A few decades later, in the Korean capital of Hanyang, a scholar picked up his brush and dated his letter — not by the reigning Qing dynasty’s calendar, but by the era name of a dynasty that had been dead for decades.
This was not confusion. In his view, and in the view of his generation, the man sitting in Beijing — shaved forehead, braided queue, speaking Manchu — was a yi, a barbarian, a usurper who had seized the Central Plains by force. The true civilization of Huaxia had not died with the Ming. It had simply moved. And where had it gone? In Korean eyes, here — to them. Some among them spoke seriously of a “Northern Expedition”: one day marching back north, driving out the Manchu savages, restoring the Middle Kingdom.
在场